Camels were domesticated late, perhaps around 3000 BC. Sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 3000 BC. Cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and India around 8500 BC. Pigs were domesticated in Mesopotamia around 11,000 years ago, followed by sheep between 11,000 years ago and 9000 BC. Rice was domesticated in China by 6200 BC with earliest known cultivation from 5700 BC, followed by mung, soy and azuki beans. Rye may have been cultivated earlier, but this claim remains controversial. Starting from around 9500 BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops – emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas, and flax – were cultivated in the Levant. However, domestication did not occur until much later. Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago. At least eleven separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin. ![]() Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. ![]() The history of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively. Painting from the burial chamber of Sennedjem, c. Ploughing with a yoke of horned cattle in Ancient Egypt.
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